The Role of the Engineer in the Information Age
When looking at technology, we barely see machinery, let alone the people who made it. We seem to take technology and its development for a given, neglecting the process of its creation. We live off the fruits of the tree, without examining its roots.
Technology is ?the application of scientific knowledge to the practical aims of human life or, as it is sometimes phrased, to the change and manipulation of the human environment.? As such, it has played a crucial role in human survival, allowing a physically weak species to marshal natural laws and resources in its defense. Since the harnessing of plant growth in agriculture, the taming of fire and the invention of writing, the fruits of technology have surrounded and transformed us. The cumulative effect of technological development has brought us to a point where technology is intertwined with every aspect of our lives. Yet, we aren?t entirely comfortable with it. We only seem to notice technology when it breaks down.
There is passivity in modern society towards technology. While new products are continually brought to our attention through advertising, the degree of control most of us exercise is only in buying this product or that, and, at most, in telling our friends. This is perhaps comparable with the degree of control a couch potato exercises, through his remote, over the content that networks beam at him.
However, there is a segment of society that actually makes technology, which trolls the journals of science for new ideas, and looks at the reaction of consumers to old products, in designing new ones. These people also have the responsibility of keeping the old technology running and are the ones you call when products don't work as they should. These are, of course, the engineers, who belong to a ?profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice, is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.?[ ] Going by this definition, the term engineer must equally apply to practitioners of ?old? technologies, the farmers, carpenters, architects and plumbers, as it does to geneticists and computer programmers.
For a while, each technology must surely have been new and exciting, and during this time, technologists must have been looked at with interest at cocktail parties, as Internet engineers were during the Dot-Com boom, and geneticists are today. But the fate of the plumber is theirs in the long term, recalled only when things go wrong.
However, societies that grew affluent based on technology as most of Europe did, ignore technology at their peril. If much of the best student talent does not head towards engineering, if European universities are not leaders in technological innovation, their engineers no longer the world?s best at invention and the management of production, it must come as no surprise if jobs migrate to countries where societies treat the engineer with greater respect.
A spectacular example of the importance with which other societies treated engineers in recent times is available from the Soviet Union. Almost the entire generation of Soviet leaders that followed Stalin were engineers, including Kruschev, Kosygin, Brezhnev and Yeltsin. The probable reason for this was that while Stalin had little hesitation in wiping out everyone else, he must have appreciated that there was no way he could have beaten the Nazis, nor competed with the West, without engineers. When he died, these were the only people left, in any sort of leadership positions.
A Martian looking at Earth might imagine that engineers are the stars of a civilization that is totally dependent on technology. Yet, nothing would be further from the truth. Like the craftsmen who created medieval architectural and other masterpieces, most engineers remain anonymous, even the brilliantly successful ones.
How many people could identify the inventors of the digital computer (John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert), a device whose importance in modern life is second to none? Alfred Nobel was himself an engineer par excellence. His invention, dynamite, is still widely in use in mining and construction.(1) That even he did not see fit to institute a Nobel Prize for engineering, is typical of the modesty of the profession. Perhaps the best example of societal inattention to engineers, though, is the case of Claude Shannon, whom few outside the profession have even heard of.
This genius discovered that Boolean algebra, an area of mathematics thought to have no practical use, was perfectly suited to the design of digital circuits. H. H. Goldstine, in his book The Computer from Pascal to Von Neumann, called this work ``a landmark in that it helped to change digital circuit design from an art to a science.'' In 1981 Professor Irving Reed, speaking at the International Symposium on Information Theory in Brighton, England, said, ``It was thirty-four years ago, in 1948, that Professor Claude E. Shannon first published his uniquely original paper, `A Mathematical Theory of Communication,' in the Bell System Technical Journal. Few other works of this century have had greater impact on science and engineering. By this landmark paper and his several subsequent papers on information theory he has altered most profoundly all aspects of communication theory and practice.'' This paper has justifiably been called ?the Magna Carta of the information age.?
Shannon?s work on information theory has also had significant impact on fields outside of communications, including linguistics, psychology, economics, biology, even the arts. Robert W. Lucky, executive director of research at AT&T Bell Laboratories, called his work the greatest ?in the annals of technological thought?, while IBM Fellow Rolf W. Landauer equated his ?pioneering insight? with Einstein's. Claude Shannon died as recently as February 24, 2001, but the Internet, which is inconceivable in the absence of his insights, barely noticed.( )
If people pay no regard to the people who make technology, nor make any effort to understand them, they will find it hard to appreciate the logic of the direction it takes ? for the inventor and the invention resemble each other. If the products of technology often seem lackluster and unimaginative, maybe this is a reflection of a similar lacuna in most engineers. We can also take the analysis one level upstream. To understand why engineers turn out the way they do, one must look closer at how they, in turn, are made, at life in an engineering college.
THE DEFICIENT EDUCATION OF ENGINEERS
The manner in which engineering is taught is incredibly authoritarian and dull. The reason for this is not hard to find. As pointed out by Peter Senge and others, our modern education system was born during the industrial revolution, which faced a severe shortage of trained personnel. At the time, industrialists made a fortune by taking manufacturing out of the community and locating it in a new kind of space called a factory. Faced with a shortage of people skilled in manning these factories, the owners applied their tried and tested formula once again: they took education out of the community, and made it the responsibility of a new kind of factory called a school. Indeed, our schools are organized along the same principles as assembly lines, where the students are as parts moving in lockstep from one class to the next, while the teachers are like machines that impart education, within a highly authoritarian system. If a student cannot successfully pass the requisite tests, he is thrown out, not unlike a part that has failed quality control.
According to Senge, ?While the assembly-line school system dramatically increased educational output, it also created many of the most intractable problems with which students, teachers, and parents struggle to this day. It operationally defined smart kids and dumb kids. Those who did not learn at the speed of the assembly line either fell off or were forced to struggle continually to keep pace; they were labelled "slow" or, in today's more fashionable jargon, "learning disabled." It established uniformity of product and process as norms, thereby naively assuming that all children learn in the same way. It made educators into controllers and inspectors, thereby transforming the traditional mentor-mentee relationship and establishing teacher-centered rather than learner-centered learning? The assembly-line education system is under stress. Its products are no longer judged adequate by society. Its productivity is questioned. And it is responding in the only way the system knows how to respond: by doing what it has always done but harder.?[ ]
Is it any wonder that a system which discards human beings as scrap, produces so many terrorists and criminals? Those who survive it are almost brainwashed into believing, that having an opinion about anything outside of their narrow areas of technical competence is inadvisable. The syllabus pounded into them is needlessly voluminous and difficult, of which a practicing engineer actually ever uses only a very tiny fraction. The teachers typically have almost no industrial experience, nor do students have any regular interaction with industry. Could anyone imagine a medical school without an attached hospital, where the teachers have almost never seen a patient?
Then again, the assumption in engineering education seems to be, that technology is more or less all that the engineer needs to know. Some rudimentary humanities are taught in engineering colleges, but the central nature of non-technical matters in the professional life of an engineer is hardly emphasized. An engineer must be able to read books of accounts, hire and manage subordinates, keep on the right side of intellectual property law, not to mention the diverse legislation applicable to the operation of machinery, and the running of a firm. Instead of these, the engineer is taught equation upon equation, the practical use of which is hardly evident.
It hardly comes as a surprise, therefore, that this profession attracts few women. Even among the men who join, is a very high proportion of, to say the least, poor communicators. Yet, these poorly equipped and trained people are the ones entrusted with running critical industrial establishments, and can be held partially responsible for such disasters as the Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, and the nuclear reactors in Chernobyl and Three Mile Island.
THE GAP BETWEEN THE HUMANITIES AND ENGINEERING
There is much that can be done to improve this situation. For a start, what is clearly needed for a better understanding of technology and its dynamics is greater interaction between the engineering and the humanities departments in universities. Such interaction is rare: often, the technical university is the other end of town, and even where it isn?t, the mental gap is large: students from these disciplines don?t take each other?s courses, unless they are forced to.
A laudable attempt to bridge this communication gap, is Robert Pirsig?s ?Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance.? He shows how tackling repair problems that seem mundane, can be a highly creative, perhaps even spiritual activity. As he puts it, ?Flight from and hatred of technology is self-defeating. The Buddha, the Godhead, resides quite as comfortably in the circuits of a digital computer or the gears of a cycle transmission as he does at the top of a mountain or in the petals of a flower. To think otherwise is to demean the Buddha...which is to demean oneself.?
Bridging this gap has become far more important, now that the world is changing very rapidly, through advances in the field of information technology. Many new professions and industries have been created, including programming, web designing and systems administration. Others, such as mail and publishing, have been dominated, while other, like typesetting, even destroyed. Many big industries, such as music and telecom, are reeling under its impact. TV and cinema may be next.
With the Internet becoming a crucial part of many aspects of human existence, it becomes necessary for students from the non-technical parts of the university to learn not only how to make use of the facilities that software engineers provide, but also to become developers themselves. It isn?t that hard to learn the requisite amount of programming to do that.
In this, programmers have a role to play too. We have come a long way from the time that programming used to be done in the 0?s and1?s of machine language. Developments such as Fortran, the spreadsheet, the relational database, Logo and Visual Basic have all made programming easier for the non-expert. A little more effort in this direction would bring many more non-technical people into the fold of Internet developers, and greater interaction between their disciplines.
Now that technology is receiving unprecedented media attention, so are its creators. Related, perhaps, to the relative newness of the Internet, there is now more glamour to be found here, than in conventional branches of engineering. A student contemplating a choice between a career in marketing and computing can ask herself the same infamous question that Steve Jobs used, to convince John Sculley to leave the giant Pepsi corporation for the then tiny Apple: ?Do you want to spend the rest of your life selling sugared water, or do you want to change the world??[ ] Indeed, there are many on the Internet who can lay claim to having significant part in changing the world: the members of the Internet Engineering Task Force, those in the open source movement, those who devised the software for mailing lists, chat, peer-to-peer file sharing, Internet Telephony?
GILMORE?S THESIS
For a new technology to replace an older one is nothing new. Such innovation generates plenty of money for the industrialist, if the buyer can be persuaded to replace old products. However, on the Internet, in addition to an economic component, the role of the engineer has taken on an entirely new dimension, one that makes it vital for engineers to pay closer attention to what they can learn from the humanities departments. John Gilmore said, ?The Internet treats censorship as a defect, and routes around it.? This is a characteristic with political import. It was Arthur Koestler who said (I believe) that all it needs for the demise of authoritarianism is the free flow of information. Combine the two statements, and it would seem that the Internet and authoritarian regimes are incompatible. How does technology assume such political overtones?
Partly, what Gilmore said is a statement about the basic design of the Internet, which had, as one of its objectives, robustness. If a part of the network became defective, the rest could automatically reconfigure itself, essentially routing around the defective part. The technology underwent a veritable test by fire during the Gulf War. Iraqi defense communications, built on the same technology that powers the Internet, could not entirely be taken out, no matter how hard the powerful opposition tried.( )
This characteristic of the Internet is also a consequence of the relative lack of sophistication in decision-making that electronics is capable of. The Internet is a highly automated communications medium, and any process, which cannot be run by electronic machinery autonomously, is expensive and doesn?t work very well on the Internet. However, as computers become increasingly sophisticated, their capabilities will grow, and this could change.
What started out as sound engineering design, has, with the growing importance of the Internet, become something far more: a serious threat to the manner of functioning of authoritarian countries such as China. No less serious is the damage that the music industry perceives peer-to-peer networks causing it. The movie business worries that, as Internet bandwidth improves, it will be next. Yet, try as they might, such political and economic powers seem powerless in influencing the direction of technology development on the Internet.
DIRECTING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ON THE INTERNET
What is indeed unique about the Internet as a technology is the manner in which it develops. Arguably the only significant governance the Internet enjoys, is that of the Internet Engineering Task Force. These people manage a process that ensures that the Internet keeps acquiring new abilities at a furious pace, which leaves policy-makers and the legal system far behind. The bureaucrats at international decision-making bodies such as the UN must wonder how it maintains this speed, in a process that is remarkably inclusive, consensual, and transparent.
The IETF doesn?t take decisions in favour of one approach or the other: if even after thorough discussion, there is a difference of opinion on how a certain objective is to be achieved, all the variants can be tried out, without fear of doing any serious damage. In characteristic modesty for an engineering body, the standards that the IETF encourages the Internet to follow are published as ?Requests for Comment.? If after some experience with the variants, one stands out, a new RFC, pointing this out, supersedes the earlier one, and the discussion moves on to other objectives.
Handed earth-shaking power, engineers have come up with a process to channel it effectively. This is hardly unfamiliar territory for them: learning how to harness power is what they have practiced since the beginning. The difference this time is that decision-making relating to the development of technology is not taking place behind the closed doors of conference rooms. The reason why the Internet turned out different is that engineers and others interested in the development of technology could communicate.
Imagine, for instance, how the pharmaceutical industry might be different, if it were to use the Internet model for development. To start with, molecules would be open-source: companies would not have to pussyfoot around the patents of their competitors, and reinvent the wheel: they could focus on improving medication that was proven. Therefore, testing costs would go down. With the raw materials available locally almost everywhere, production could be local too. There would be no marketing costs (ask Google). And finally, without IP costs, the price of medication would be only marginally higher that raw-material costs, i.e. almost nothing. Many more lives would be saved.
However, the problem that pharmaceutical companies faced, that Internet ones did not, was that their products could maim and kill people. Therefore a huge bureaucracy became involved in deciding what was researched, tested, and approved for sale. Costs went up, and the answer that the industry found, was to bring in the concept of intellectual property, which made its products vastly more expensive, and the process of designing and marketing them, terribly inefficient.
Is the Internet model applicable in the rest of industry? It would be worthwhile to find out. The benefits to society of applying the Internet model for decision-making in technological development would be immense. In effect, this would be a much-needed extension of democracy into a vital aspect of human existence.
For the corporate sector, management of technological change is a major problem. Guess wrong, and the future of the company might be at stake. The Internet approach would dramatically cut down development costs and risks ? for many, in this period of uncertainty, that might be preferable to the current situation, where the winner usually takes a large share of the market, and the losers go under, shedding jobs as they go.
THE EDUCATION OF ENGINEERS
In light of the added responsibility that the Internet thrusts on the profession, a re-examination of the education imparted to engineers becomes vital. People with such power need to be taught ethics, and have a clear understanding of legal aspects of their work. For instance, if the engineers who worked for Napster had a better appreciation of copyright law, the company might well have survived its legal battles with the music industry. Engineers often have to make business plans these days, so financial skills are essential. Most important, though, are communication and teamwork skills, including how to participate in and chair meetings, including online ones.
It is also a mistake to think that the education of an engineer is a one-time affair. According to Papert and Caperton, ?Digital technology in the workplace requires a new definition of "basic skills". The transformation of work requires much more than a mastery of a fixed curriculum inherited from past centuries. Success in the slowly changing worlds of past centuries came from being able to do well what you were taught to do. Success in the rapidly changing world of the future depends on being able to do well what you were not taught to do.?[ ] Engineers must, therefore have ready access to their teachers and colleagues in the event that they need to learn something new, or relearn.
A far more holistic approach to engineering education has become necessary. Engineering colleges focus almost exclusively on science and technology subjects, ignoring other needs of their students. However, given the limited background and skill sets of faculty members at these colleges, one really cannot expect much more of them. It is time to bring the community of engineers back into the process of engineering education ? both as lifelong students, and teachers.
At the same time, it is essential that the engineering college become a more active participant in the world around it. Many problems have technical solutions, and the good engineering college is one that participates actively in solving local problems. At the same time, when issues relating to the growth of technology and its harmful effects are debated, teachers and students at engineering colleges need to bring technically informed opinions into the debate.
An area demanding urgent attention by engineering faculties is the situation of the physically challenged. Modern technologies can transform their lives, allowing them to participate as equals in work, play and social life. However, the products available for the physically challenged are horrendously expensive, and yet only scratch the surface of their needs. What is needed here is for the engineering departments of software, electronic hardware and machine design to come together with the physically challenged and the organizations that cater to their needs to develop low-cost, ?open-source? solutions that industry all over the world can manufacture.
Even better would be for engineering colleges to make special efforts to teach these skills to the physically challenged, so that they themselves can solve their own problems. The same applies to other segments of society facing problems that technology can solve. In this situation, teaching becomes a vital role that engineers can play in society.
Distance learning technologies running on the Internet offer an excellent platform for engineers to participate in courses as teachers or students, either from home or the workplace. Chat rooms that offer quality audio-conferencing, text chat and shared whiteboards are now commonplace. Facilities such as this would also make it simpler for non-technical people to participate in the education of engineers, and vice-versa.
No longer can it be acceptable, that engineering education takes place in an environment divorced from industry. The PC is a potential software factory, so it is far easier to train people ?on the job.? Indeed, if students are required to participate in open-source development projects at portals such as Sourceforge.net, they will not only learn highly useful technological skills in the company of their seniors in the profession, but also imbibe better attitudes towards the ownership of ideas. The rapid pace of change in the IT environment also gives the young a relative advantage, making it harder for their teachers to behave in authoritarian fashion.
The Internet has brought many changes for engineers. It has diminished their anonymity and isolation, increased their importance, taught them communication skills and forced another look at the manner in which they are educated. A necessary change in the role of the engineer in the information age is that she now also needs to be a student for life, and also become a teacher.